Change Markersize In Legend Matplotlib

We can even get rid of legend from a determine in Matplotlib by setting the label to _nolegend_ in plot() method, axes.legend to None and figure.legends to empty list. For this purpose, plt.subplots() is the better device to make use of . Rather than making a single subplot, this operate creates a full grid of subplots in a single line, returning them in a NumPy array.

The arguments are the variety of rows and variety of columns, together with non-compulsory keywordssharex and sharey, which let you specify the relationships between totally different axes. Did you understand it is easy to plot a scatter plot with a wide variety of marker sizes? Simply move the column you wish your marker measurement to differ on to the dimensions attribute. For instance, the next script plots a scatter plot the place marker measurement varies in response to the values within the dimensions column of the ideas dataset . You can change the marker measurement to make the info more straightforward to understand. And it is easy to change the marker measurement dependent on one more variable.

ParameterDescriptionx and yThese parameters characterize the 2 primary variables and may be any array-like statistics types, resembling lists or NumPy arrays. These are required parameters.sThis parameter defines the dimensions of the marker. It is usually a float if all of the markers have the identical measurement or an array-like statistics shape if the markers have completely different sizes.cThis parameter represents the colour of the markers.

So, through the use of cmap we've changed our uncomplicated scatter plot in to colourful scatter plot. These matplotlib scatter plots aid a great deal in statistics visualisation. Now the scatter plot has shades as per the values. Instead of utilizing the black shade we will set another shade by passing cmap argument in plt.scatter(). Also we will set the label for the colorbar utilizing the under python code.

You can learn extra about colour maps to have totally diverse scatter plot colours for values here. You could make a Line2D object that resembles your chosen markers, besides with a unique marker measurement of your choosing, and use that to assemble the legend. This is good since it doesn't require putting an object in your axes , and it doesn't require use of any hidden attributes.

Here we're going to find out how we will set the dimensions of the factors within the legend to a fixed. Sometimes we plot scatter graphs with diverse marker sizes however we would like the mounted measurement of the marker in legend. We use the legend() process to add a legend and cross the loc parameter to set the situation of the legend. This is good since it does not require inserting an object in your axes , and it does not require use of any hidden attributes.

Basically I'm attempting to make scatter plots with completely different marker sizes, and I desire to determine what does the s variety mean. A scatter plot is used to plot a relationship between a variety of lists or column values within the shape of scattered knowledge points. Python's Seaborn library could be utilized to make scatter plots in two dimensions. Each knowledge level in a Seaborn scatter plot corresponds to the interplay of values between the values on the x and y axes, respectively. Matplotlib markers in python have used mark factors whilst line and scatter plots.

You have seen how the size, color, and form of markers may be changed. Markers may even be customized made counting on programmers choice. I hope this text helps you in all features associated to matplotlib markers in python. Manually add legend Items Python matplotlib, Have you checked the Legend Guide? For practicality, I quote the instance from the guide.

Not all handles could be became legend entries Note that no legend entries have been created. In this case, we will compose a legend making use of Matplotlib objects which might be not explicitly tied to the info that was plotted. Set the DisplayName property as a name-value pair when calling the plotting functions. Then, name the legend command to create the legend.

Legends mechanically replace whenever you add or delete a knowledge series. If you add extra info to the axes, use the DisplayName property to specify the labels. In the above example, we plot a scatter graph through the use of the plt.scatter() process and we cross s as a parameter to set the dimensions of the to scatter markers. I ceaselessly discover myself plotting clusters of factors in Matplotlib with comparatively small marker sizes.

Let's plot a couple of random clusters of factors to see what this main issue seems like in practice. Notice we're additionally importing matplotlib, which provides us extra manage over our scatter plots. You'll must ensure you will have matplotlib installed, too.

The %matplotlib inline code gives you an error if you're not applying the Jupyter Notebook. Just remark it out and add the road plt.show() top after the purpose the place we commence making plots. Empty circle markers of the matplotlib module are used to scatter plot on this tutorial. And the edgecolor argument is about to purple to get the empty circle markers. Empty circle markers region is additionally referred to as fill none markers. The filling type of the empty circle marker is none, as a result often often called fill none markers.

The histogram operate with a number of statistics sets, Use of legend with a number of pattern sets; Stacked bars; Step curve with no fill; Data units of various pattern sizes. Prop None or matplotlib.font_manager.FontProperties or dict. If None , the current matplotlib.rcParams shall be used. In the scatter plots you've created so far, you've used three colorations to symbolize low, medium, or excessive sugar content material for the drinks and cereal bars.

You'll now change this in order that the colour immediately represents the exact sugar content material of the items. The most elementary approach to making an axes is to make use of the plt.axesfunction. As we've seen previously, by default this creates an ordinary axes object that fills all the figure. Plt.axes additionally takes an optionally available argument that may be an inventory of 4 numbers within the discern coordinate system. These numbers symbolize within the discern coordinate system, which ranges from zero on the underside left of the discern to 1 on the highest excellent of the figure. You can regulate the position, size, and elegance of those labels making use of optionally available arguments to the function.

For extra information, see the Matplotlib documentation and the docstrings of every of those functions. The mentioned instance information file is concerning the views, likes and like/dislike ratio on the trending tutorial videos. Here we'll plot this genuine time information as a scatter plot in Python. We will use pandas read_csv to extract the information from the csv and plot it. In this article, scatter plots will probably be created from numerical arrays and pandas DataFrame employing thepyplot.scatter() perform out there in matplotlib package. If we move an array to s, we set the dimensions of every level individually.

This is extremely helpful let's use present extra information on our scatter plot. We can use it to switch the dimensions of our markers elegant on one different variable. Here we're going to find out how we will change the colour of legend in scatter plot in matplotlib. To change the colour move the parameter facecolor to legend() method. To change the default x-label, that you must move a brand new label identify to the xlabel() perform of the plt module.

Similarly, to vary y-label, that you would like to move a string worth to the ylabel() function. Finally, the title of a scatter plot could very well be up to date by passing a string worth to the title() function, as proven below. Hello programmers, in today's article, we'll talk about matplotlib markers in python. Matplotlib marker module is an excellent multi-platform statistics visualization library in python used to plot 2D arrays and vectors. Matplotlib is designed to work with the broader SciPy stack. The matplotlib markers module in python supplies all of the features to deal with markers.

Both the plot and scatter use the marker functionality. Legend guide, Proxy artists); Legend location; Multiple legends on the identical Axes; Legend Handlers. Implementing a customized legend handler Note that one legend merchandise per line was created.

An primary a half of working with info is with the ability to visualise it. Python has a number of third-party modules you should use for info visualization. One of the preferred modules is Matplotlib and its submodule pyplot, in many instances referred to applying the alias plt. Matplotlib grants an incredibly versatile software referred to as plt.scatter() that lets you create each primary and extra complicated scatter plots. You can change the marker measurement for a line plot by setting the "MarkerSize" property, each as a name-value pair or by accessing the "Line" object.

If you set this property as a name-value pair with the "plot" function, you want to set it in any case the x,y pairs. Each aspect within the listing is a matplotlib.lines.Line2D object. You don't have to know precisely what that is. Just know that should you cross these objects to plt.legend(), matplotlib renders an applicable 'picture'. For coloured lines, it's a brief line of that color. In this case, it's a single level and every of the 6 factors shall be a unique size.

To add a legend we use the plt.legend() function. If we draw a number of strains on one graph, we label them individually applying the label keyword. Then, once we name plt.legend(), matplotlib attracts a legend with an entry for every line.

Let's make a scatter plot of total_bill in opposition to tip. It's very straightforward to do in matplotlib – use the plt.scatter() function. First, we move the x-axis variable, then the y-axis one.

We name the previous the unbiased variable and the latter the dependent variable. A scatter graph reveals what occurs to the dependent variable once we modify the unbiased variable . Scatter is a technique current in matplotlib library which is used to set particular person level sizes.

It takes three parameters 2 information factors and an inventory of marker level sizes. We can modify marker measurement in plots of matplotlib both by specifying the dimensions of the marker in both plot approach or scatter approach whereas plotting the graph. And we additionally use plt.legend() approach to add a legend to the plot and we move handles, labels, loc, title as a parameter. Here we use the plt.legend() approach to add a legend to the scatter plot. To set the mounted measurement of the legend level we use legendHandles[].sizes . In the above example, we use plt.scatter() approach to plot scatter graph and we move label as a parameter to outline legend labels.

Here we're going to discover ways to add legend at a selected situation of scatter plot. There are distinct places obtainable in matplotlib to put a legend. The output exhibits scatter plot with distinct marker sizes. Notice a legend is drawn which in reality exhibits the dimensions and its numeric value. Here measurement refers back to the variety of individuals per meal. By default, the Jupyter pocket guide creates scatter plot to be displayed in a notebook.

You can change the context of a scatter plot for different mediums as well. For instance, when you wish to print your scatter plot on a poster, you could set the context of the scatter plot to poster. To do so, it's a must to make use of the set_context() approach to the seaborn module.

The following script prints a scatter plot with the context set as a poster. You can change the colour of a scatter plot by first passing the letter of the colour identify to the colour parameter of the scatterplot() function. The following script plots a green scatter plot for the overall invoice and guidelines column. The dataset we'll be applying to illustrate the best way to plot scatter plots with Seaborn is the ideas dataset. This dataset incorporates details concerning the payments paid by completely different clients at a fictional restaurant for the duration of lunch and dinner.

Plt.scatter() affords much extra flexibility in customizing scatter plots. In this section, you'll discover the way to masks facts utilizing NumPy arrays and scatter plots as a result of an example. In this example, you'll generate random facts factors after which separate them into two distinct areas inside the identical scatter plot. You may produce the scatter plot proven above utilizing yet another operate inside matplotlib.pyplot. Matplotlib's plt.plot() is a general-purpose plotting operate that can can help you create numerous diverse line or marker plots.

In this part of the tutorial, you'll come to be conversant in creating standard scatter plots employing Matplotlib. In later sections, you'll discover ways to additional customise your plots to symbolize extra complicated files employing greater than two dimensions. Spines are the strains connecting the axis tick marks and noting the boundaries of the info area. They might be positioned at arbitrary positions and till now, they have been on the border of the axis. We'll change that since we wish to have them within the middle. Subplots_adjust() way to vary the enviornment between Matplotlib subplots.

The parameters wspace and hspace specify the area reserved between Matplotlib subplots. They are the fractions of axis width and height, respectively. We might use remove() and set_visible() strategies of the legend object to get rid of legend from a determine in Matplotlib.

Is Centrum Good For 18 Years Old

Hypertension is a common chronic disease worldwide and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease . It is characterized by several pathophysiologic pathways including endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, increased arterial stiffness . However, little is known whether supplementation of vitamins and minerals may have a preventive role in hypertension development.

Multivitamins are supplements including a wide-range of essential nutrients at amounts typically found in a healthy diet. Multivitamins are the most commonly used dietary supplement in the US and its prevalence has steadily increased during the past few decades . In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study, more than one-third of US adults reported current daily multivitamin use . Multivitamins were also commonly taken in several countries in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.

Thus, these data highlight the importance of monitoring dietary supplement use and evaluating its benefits and risks in chronic disease prevention including hypertension. Effective from 9 March 2021, all healthcare service providers who determine pursuant to Art. I for the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with a positive result, are ordered to inform the locally competent public health protection authorities of this fact without undue delay.

Centrum Silver Multivitamin for Adults 50 Plus brings you a personalized senior multivitamin/multimineral supplement that contains micronutrients to nourish your cells and help support full body wellness. This brain health supplement contains essential nutrients, including vitamin D and calcium to support strong bones, B vitamins to help promote heart health, zinc to support normal brain function, and lutein and vitamins A, C, and E to help support healthy eyes. Key micronutrients in these heart health supplements help fill in nutritional gaps to promote overall wellness and vitality. This multivitamin for men and women is verified non GMO and gluten free to appeal to a variety of dietary preferences. Centrum Silver men's and women's multivitamin tablets feature a smooth coating that makes them easy to swallow.

Simply take one tablet daily to replenish your body with essential vitamins and minerals. Centrum's products aim to support adults and children in getting the nutrients they need every day. Many of the products include a range of vitamins and minerals which are claimed to be essential for a number of health benefits. These include cardiovascular health, mental performance, immune function, eyesight, vitality, post-menopausal health, bone health and general immunity. The dietary supplements are available in the form of tablets, gummies and mints. Products like the Centrum MultiGummies and Centrum Kids Strawberry are also available in special flavours.

Know that multivitamins shouldn't take the place of whole foods and a healthy diet. Fresh produce, lean protein, and fortified grains are chock full of natural enzymes and nutrients that you won't find in man-made vitamins. But, vitamin supplements can fill in any nutritional gaps you don't get in your diet. For instance, adult women between the ages of 19 and 50 need 18 milligrams of iron each day, while men only need about 8 mg, according to dietary guidelines from the National Institute of Medicine.

If your diet doesn't contain iron-rich foods like red meat, fortified grains, or beans, a multivitamin may be a good way to get the recommended daily intake. Large clinical trials have found that taking vitamins and mineral supplements, including multivitamins, doesn't lower the risk of disease compared with not taking a multivitamin. Most recently, researchers from the Women's Health Initiative, who tracked more than 161,000 women, concluded that women who took the pills had no lower risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or death from any cause over an eight-year period than those who didn't. Centrum Advance offers adults a multivitamin and mineral supplement said to be filled with essential vitamins and minerals. Centrum Advance is stated to help boost your daily vitamin intake and provide a number of health benefits. It is claimed to be ideal for active men and women under the age of 50, with the product containing antioxidants to apparently promote healthy immune function as well as vitamins A, C and biotin to help ensure healthy eyes and skin.

It also includes B group vitamins, which is claimed to support energy production. Centrum Advance is also said to support heart function and maintain healthy bones. Older adults are susceptible to vitamin and mineral deficiencies for a variety of reasons and have an increased demand for many of these micronutrients.

Multivitamin/multimineral supplement offer a simple way for adults to improve nutrient intake, but their ability to measurably affect micronutrient status in older adults has never been explored. This study intends to recruit healthy, non-smoking men aged 65 years or older. After meeting entry criteria, subjects will be required to restrict the use of supplements and/or fortified foods. Two months after these restrictions have begun, subjects will come to the clinical research center to take cognitive tests, undergo activity monitoring, provide blood samples for nutrition testing, and take food frequency questionnaires.

Subjects will then be randomized into one of two groups - one consuming a multivitamin/multimineral supplement ; another consuming an inert placebo tablet. Subjects will consume 1 tablet each day for six months. After this period, subjects will return to the clinical research center and repeat cognitive tests, activity monitor, blood sampling, and food frequency questionnaires. These data will be assessed to determine if multivitamin consumption results in changes in various nutrients versus taking a placebo , and may results in changes lipid and lipoprotein profiles, metabolic health, inflammation, blood pressure or cognitive function . The investigators expect that results of this study will add to the general understanding if multivitamin/multimineral formulas can improve nutrition status of older adults, and therefore have the capacity of altering markers of health. The school shall immediately inform the relevant regional public health authority by telephone or e-mail of the fact established pursuant to point 1.

The regional public health authority shall carry out an epidemiological investigation, including a risk assessment, and take adequate anti-epidemic measures to prevent the spread of the disease. To help children get the daily intake of vitamins and minerals they are said to need, the Centrum Kids Strawberry offers a chewable tablet claimed to fill certain nutritional gaps, as well as promote normal growth and development. The product is also said to include 18 vitamins, such as Vitamin C to support healthy teeth and gums.

It also contains Vitamin A, which is said to be essential for healthy eyes. For everyday wellbeing, the Centrum Kids Strawberry features Vitamin A, C and E. These multivitamins are suitable for children aged 3 years and over.

Besides that, people who skimp on servings from one or more food groups and eliminate certain foods, such as gluten from their diets, can also benefit from dietary supplements. Even women in their childbearing years and people over 50 that may be at risk for vitamin and mineral deficiencies are also recommended to consume good multivitamins such as Centrum Multivitamins. These multivitamins can fill gaps in nutrient intake that could result in chronic conditions, including osteoporosis, birth defects, anemia, and others.

In the event this fact cannot be reported to any of the providers stated in the first sentence, this fact will be reported to the Regional Public Health Authority which holds jurisdiction. The healthcare service provider or public health protection authority that was notified about the positive result of a test pursuant to Art. I is obliged to issue an order form to the person specified in Art.

I without delay for performance of an RT-PCR test confirmation test to examine him/her for the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Older adults are at increased risk of various chronic diseases, in which inadequate levels of vitamins and minerals may play a significant role, including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, liver disease, and cancer. Most adults in the United States do not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance or Adequate Intake of many vitamins and nutritionally-essential minerals from diet alone, including vitamins A, C, D, E and K, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Older adults are particularly susceptible to micronutrient inadequacies because of limited absorption, increased requirements, or - in the case of vitamin D - decreased synthetic capacity in the skin. Thus, there is a strong rationale for supplementing the diets of older adults with a multivitamin/multimineral supplement, such as Centrum® Silver®. However, little is currently known about the bioavailability of the Centrum® Silver® formula in this age demographic.

Effective from 9 March 2021, all healthcare and social service providers who perform preventive examinations to determine the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen using POC antigen tests pursuant to Art. II are ordered to report, electronically and without undue delay, information about every POC antigen test result or subsequently performed RT-PCR confirmation test pursuant to Art. I to determine the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a tested person pursuant to Art. I, to the Information System of Infectious Diseases . A yummy chewable multivitamin, the Solgar Kangavites Vitamin tablets are available in a sweet berry flavor.

These tablets are suitable for kids as well as teens. A blend of multivitamins and minerals, the Solgar multivitamin tablets give your teens the recommend DV every day. Like other multivitamins, these are just dietary supplements and are best taken just before or after food. Teenagers can take one tab in the morning with breakfast, and the other in the evening for optimal results.

In the present study, we excluded 10,227 women with baseline history of hypertension defined as having a self-reported SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg, or being on antihypertensive treatment. We also excluded 926 women with missing information on multivitamin supplement use and lifestyle, clinical and dietary factors considered as covariates. Thus, 28,157 women were included in analysis with follow-up from baseline through 2012. The trial ended in March 2004 and women who were still alive and eligible and willing to be followed on an observational basis (89%) were included in the observational follow-up. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and this research was approved by the institutional review board of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.

E) undergo preventive testing under this extraordinary measure with another employer who is a healthcare service provider or social service provider, and provide proof of this to the employer by written confirmation from that other employer. All of the products met their claimed levels of vitamins A, C, D, and E, folic acid, riboflavin, calcium, iron, and zinc; lacked worrisome levels of heavy-metal contaminants; and dissolved adequately in the U.S. All had a safety seal on the mouth of the bottle and, unless otherwise noted, a child-resistant cap.

Unless otherwise noted, all adult and children's formulations contain iron; the senior formulations do not. USP verified indicates that a product has been verified for purity, strength, safety, dissolvability, and manufacturing quality by the USP, an independent standards-setting authority for the drug and dietary supplement industries. USP claim indicates that the manufacturer claims the product was made to one or more of the USP's quality standards or specifications, but the claim is not vetted by the USP. The verification seal holds more weight than a USP claim on the label, which several of the other products we tested had. Products like Centrum for Women and Centrum for Men are also said to be formulated to target the different key issues apparently affecting men and women. For women, the multivitamins tend to focus on supporting bone health and promoting healthy skin, nails and hair.

For men, the supplements contain vitamins and minerals targeted towards supporting muscle health and heart health. Therefore, this study seeks to recruit men who are in generally good health, 65 years of age or older, to assess their vitamin and mineral status before and after six months of supplementation with Centrum® Silver®. The investigators hypothesize that consuming multivitamin/multimineral supplements everyday will result in measurable increases in the status of one or more vitamins or minerals in the body. Concentrations of several vitamins and minerals in blood samples will be performed, along with a general assessment of micronutrient status in white blood cells . To see if these changes in nutrition status impact other aspects of human health, changes in lipid and lipoprotein profiles, antioxidant status, metabolic health, and inflammation and treatment differences in cognitive function will be assessed . Centrum® Silver® supplementation may or may not have any effect on these secondary outcomes, when compared to a placebo, unless there are measurable changes in the primary outcomes.

This is the best multivitamin for women because it is the most complete source of all the vitamins and minerals that women need on a daily basis to maintain health as they age. As you get older, it becomes increasingly important to maintain levels of certain vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin D and calcium, to offset the effects of aging. Centrum is the number-one doctor and pharmacist recommended brand of vitamin thanks to over 35 years of clinically proven results. Even with a healthy lifestyle, complete and well-balanced diet and regular exercise, you can fall short in your daily need for vitamins and minerals.

Certain foods do not contain the level of vitamins the body needs to continue to function at a high level. Just one quick pill every day ensures that your body stays healthy and allows you to focus on other things, like that never-ending to-do list. Or, even better, spending more time with friends and family. Multivitamin supplements typically aim to mirror the combination of low-dose essential vitamins and minerals that would be obtained through a healthy diet e.g. the DASH diet.

Several vitamins and minerals have been suggested to have important roles in the mechanistic pathways in hypertension development. Nutrients with antioxidant properties may inhibit oxidative stress caused by increased reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, which is involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension . Vitamin D inhibits the expression of renin gene, which reduces activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to favourable effects on volume homeostasis and BP reduction . Magnesium may have BP lowering effects as a calcium channel blocker. Magnesium also regulates intracellular calcium, sodium, and potassium; low magnesium levels have been linked to insufficient amounts of prostaglandin E1, which leads to vasoconstriction and increases BP .

Potassium promotes vasodilation through stimuli of the sodium pump lowering cystolic calcium . Moreover, a Cochrane review of randomized trials testing potassium supplementation reported nonsignificant BP lowering effects however, there was heterogeneity between trials . As a part of educational activities whose character does not enable the wearing of a protective device , the teacher who does not meet the conditions under point 1 must maintain a distance of at least 1.5 meters from others.

In the case of persons who are themselves healthcare service providers or social service providers, Articles I to VI shall apply mutatis mutandis. A few studies suggest that multivitamins may even increase the risk of certain health problems. Most recently, a highly publicized Swedish study that tracked some 35,000 women over 10 years found that those who took multivitamins were slightly more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer than those who didn't take the supplements.

That doesn't mean the multivitamins increased the women's risk of cancer; it may be that the women who took them were less healthy in other ways that increased their likelihood of developing cancer. But it does add to the reasons to, when possible, get your nutrients from foods—many of which contain their own potent cancer-protective properties—and to get any nutrients you may need more of, like calcium and vitamin D, from supplements rather than from a multi. Vitamins in small quantities are essential for normal metabolism. Our bodies don't make them, so we must get them from a well-balanced diet.

The American Academy of Pediatrics advises that children who receive a well-balanced diet do not need extra vitamin intake over and above the recommended dietary allowances . Children with underlying medical conditions, poor appetite or highly-restricted diets (i.e. picky eaters and vegan or vegetarian eaters who may not consume a balanced diet) may benefit from a vitamin supplementation plan overseen by their pediatrician. More than one-third of children in the U.S. take dietary supplements routinely. Centrum's range for women is said to target women's needs, featuring more calcium and vitamin D than in the Centrum Advance and Centrum Advance 50+ products to help maintain healthy bones. It also includes additional levels of biotin, and vitamins A and C to help promote healthy skin, nails and hair.

Is Centrum Good For 18 Years Old The product also features nutrients like Betacarotene, Selenium and Zinc to support daily health. A mandatory part of the reported information about the result of the POC antigen test is information about whether the patient is symptomatic or asymptomatic. For people who don't get all the vitamins and minerals they need from a healthful diet , a multivitamin may seem like a cheap, easy way to reap the same benefits. Trouble is, getting your nutrients from pills isn't the same as getting them from food. That's because fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other plant foods contain thousands of beneficial plant substances called phytochemicals that interact with one another in myriad ways, some of which scientists may not even understand yet.

The greater the food variety, the more numerous the potential beneficial interactions. Taking the vitamins and minerals out of food robs you of all those healthful interactions, not to mention fiber, a disease fighter in its own right. That may be why study after study of isolated, high doses of vitamins has found they failed to prevent cancer, dementia, heart disease, or type 2 diabetes, even though people who eat foods rich in those vitamins have lower rates of those diseases.